下面罗列出来的都是常用命令,若想查询更多 ➡️：https://man.linuxde.net/
1.系统信息
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
| arch
uname -m
uname -r
dmidecode -q
hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -tT /dev/sda
cat /proc/cpuinfo
cat /proc/interrupts
cat /proc/meminfo
cat /proc/swaps
cat /proc/version
cat /proc/net/dev
cat /proc/mounts
lspci -tv
lsusb -tv
date
cal 2007
date 041217002007.00
clock -w
|
2.关机
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
| (系统的关机、重启以及登出 )
shutdown -h now
init 0
telinit 0
shutdown -h hours:minutes &
shutdown -c
shutdown -r now
reboot
logout
|
3.文件和目录
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
| cd /home
cd ..
cd ../..
cd
cd ~user1
cd -
pwd
ls
ls -F
ls -l
ls -a
ls *[0-9]*
tree
lstree
mkdir dir1
mkdir dir1 dir2
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2
rm -f file1
rmdir dir1
rm -rf dir1
rm -rf dir1 dir2
mv dir1 new_dir
cp file1 file2
cp dir/* .
cp -a /tmp/dir1 .
cp -a dir1 dir2
ln -s file1 lnk1
ln file1 lnk1
touch -t 0712250000 file1
file filename
iconv -l
echo $LANG
iconv -f UTF-8 -t GBK file1 -o file2
find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert "{}" -resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; batch
|
4.文件搜索
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
| find / -name file1
find / -user user1
find /home/user1 -name \*.bin
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;
find / -xdev -name \*.rpm
locate \*.ps
whereis halt
which halt
|
5.挂载一个文件系统
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
| mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2
umount /dev/hda2
fuser -km /mnt/hda2
umount -n /mnt/hda2
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share
|
6.磁盘空间
1
2
3
4
5
6
| df -h
ls -lSr |more
du -sh dir1
du -sk * | sort -rn
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n
|
7.用户和群组
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
| groupadd group_name
groupdel group_name
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name
useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1
useradd user1
userdel -r user1
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1
passwd
passwd user1
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1
pwck
grpck
newgrp group_name
|
8.文件的权限
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
| ls -lh
ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS
chmod ugo+rwx directory1
chmod go-rwx directory1
chown user1 file1
chown -R user1 directory1
chgrp group1 file1
chown user1:group1 file1
find / -perm -u+s
chmod u+s /bin/file1
chmod u-s /bin/file1
chmod g+s /home/public
chmod g-s /home/public
chmod o+t /home/public
chmod o-t /home/public
|
9.文件的特殊属性
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
| chattr +a file1
chattr +c file1
chattr +d file1
chattr +i file1
chattr +s file1
chattr +S file1
chattr +u file1
lsattr
|
10.打包和压缩文件
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
| bunzip2 file1.bz2
bzip2 file1
gunzip file1.gz
gzip file1
gzip -9 file1
rar a file1.rar test_file
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1
rar x file1.rar
unrar x file1.rar
tar -cvf archive.tar file1
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1
tar -tf archive.tar
tar -xvf archive.tar
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz
zip file1.zip file1
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1
unzip file1.zip
|
11.RPM 包
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
| - （Fedora, Redhat及类似系统）
rpm -ivh package.rpm
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm
rpm -U package.rpm
rpm -F package.rpm
rpm -e package_name.rpm
rpm -qa
rpm -qa | grep httpd
rpm -qi package_name
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"
rpm -ql package_name
rpm -qc package_name
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides
rpm -q package_name --scripts
rpm -q package_name --changelog
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
rpm -qp package.rpm -l
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY
rpm --checksig package.rpm
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey
rpm -V package_name
rpm -Va
rpm -Vp package.rpm
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin*
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm
|
12.YUM 软件包升级器
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
| - （Fedora, RedHat及类似系统）
yum install package_name
yum localinstall package_name.rpm
yum update package_name.rpm
yum update package_name
yum remove package_name
yum list
yum search package_name
yum clean packages
yum clean headers
yum clean all
|
13.DEB 包
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
| (Debian, Ubuntu 以及类似系统)
dpkg -i package.deb
dpkg -r package_name
dpkg -l
dpkg -l | grep httpd
dpkg -s package_name
dpkg -L package_name
dpkg --contents package.deb
dpkg -S /bin/ping
|
14.APT 软件工具
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
| (Debian, Ubuntu 以及类似系统)
apt-get install package_name
apt-cdrom install package_name
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get remove package_name
apt-get check
apt-get clean
apt-cache search searched-package
|
15.查看文件内容
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
| cat file1
tac file1
more file1
less file1
head -2 file1
tail -2 file1
tail -f /var/log/messages
|
16.文本处理
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
| cat file1 file2
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt
grep Aug /var/log/messages
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages
grep Aug -R /var/log/*
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g'
sed '/^$/d' example.txt
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d'
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
sed -e '1d' result.txt
sed -n '/stringa1/p'
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt
cat -n file1
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'
echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'
echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'
paste file1 file2
paste -d '+' file1 file2
sort file1 file2
sort file1 file2 | uniq
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
comm -1 file1 file2
comm -2 file1 file2
comm -3 file1 file2
|
17.字符设置和文件格式转换
1
2
3
4
| dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html
recode -l | more
|
18.文件系统分析
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
| badblocks -v /dev/hda1
fsck /dev/hda1
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1
e2fsck /dev/hda1
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1
dosfsck /dev/hda1
|
19.初始化一个文件系统
1
2
3
4
5
6
| mkfs /dev/hda1
mke2fs /dev/hda1
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1
fdformat -n /dev/fd0
mkswap /dev/hda3
|
20.SWAP 文件系统
1
2
3
| mkswap /dev/hda3
swapon /dev/hda3
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3
|
21.备份
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
| dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local
rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'
dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1 备份磁盘内容到一个文件
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user 执行一次对 '/home/user'
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'
( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'
tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents
find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1
|
22.光盘
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
| mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso
mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso
cd-paranoia -B
cd-paranoia -- "-3"
cdrecord --scanbus
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force
dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum
|
